Scapula (Shoulder Blade)
Anatomical overview of the scapula, its features, functions, and clinical importance.
Introduction
The scapula, commonly known as the shoulder blade, is a flat, triangular bone located on the posterior aspect of the thoracic cage. It plays a vital role in shoulder mobility and stability.
Anatomy of the Scapula
- Shape: Flat, triangular
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Parts:
- Body: main flat portion
- Glenoid cavity: articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
- Spine: prominent ridge on the posterior surface
- Acromion: extension of the spine, forms the highest point of the shoulder
- Coracoid process: hook-like projection for muscle attachment
- Borders: Superior, medial (vertebral), lateral (axillary)
- Angles: Superior, inferior, lateral (glenoid)
Functions of the Scapula
- Provides attachment points for shoulder muscles
- Facilitates a wide range of shoulder movements
- Forms the socket for the humeral head (glenoid cavity)
- Supports shoulder stability and mobility
Clinical Significance
- Scapular fractures: Usually result from trauma; may affect shoulder function
- Winged scapula: Due to paralysis of serratus anterior muscle, leading to protrusion of the medial border
- Dislocations: Rare but can occur at the acromioclavicular joint or glenohumeral joint
- Important in shoulder surgeries and rehabilitation
Imaging and Diagnosis
X-ray and CT scans are used to evaluate scapular injuries, especially fractures. Its posterior location makes it accessible for imaging.
Conclusion
The scapula is essential for shoulder movement, stability, and muscular attachment. Its complex anatomy allows for the wide range of motion of the upper limb.
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