Sternum (Breastbone)
Anatomical overview of the sternum, its parts, functions, and clinical significance.
Introduction
The sternum is a flat, elongated bone located in the anterior midline of the thoracic cage. It connects to the ribs via costal cartilages and plays a vital role in protecting thoracic organs.
Anatomy of the Sternum
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Parts:
- Manubrium: the broad upper part, articulates with the clavicles and first ribs
- Body (Gladiolus): the elongated central part, articulates with the costal cartilages of the 2nd to 7th ribs
- Xiphoid process: the small, cartilaginous lower extension that ossifies with age
- Features: Jugular notch (suprasternal notch), clavicular notches, sternal angle (angle of Louis), and xiphisternal joint
- Surface anatomy: Located in the anterior midline of the chest, at the level of the 2nd costal cartilage
Functions of the Sternum
- Protects vital thoracic organs such as the heart and lungs
- Serves as an attachment site for the clavicles, ribs, and some neck muscles
- Contributes to the structure and rigidity of the thoracic cage
- Facilitates respiration by maintaining the integrity of the thoracic cavity
Clinical Significance
- Sternal fractures: Usually caused by direct trauma; may involve underlying organs
- Sternal puncture: Used in medical procedures like bone marrow aspiration
- Median sternotomy: Surgical procedure involving division of the sternum for cardiac surgeries
- Possible site of metastasis for certain cancers
Imaging and Diagnosis
X-rays, CT scans, and MRI are used to evaluate sternal injuries, deformities, or pathologies. Its superficial position makes it accessible for imaging.
Conclusion
The sternum is a central component of the thoracic skeleton, providing protection and structural support to vital organs and serving as an attachment point for ribs and muscles.
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